A spouse of a Panamanian (or a parent of Panamanian children) may naturalize after three years of residence, instead of five.
Sources: Constitution of Panama — nationality and naturalization
Article 10(2) reduces the residence period to three consecutive years for an applicant with a child born in Panama to a Panamanian parent, or a Panamanian spouse, while retaining renunciation, Spanish, and civic-knowledge requirements.
Sources: Constitution of Panama — nationality and naturalization · Panama Migration — Naturalization requirements
A person born in Panama is Panamanian by birth under Article 9 of the Constitution.
Sources: Constitution of Panama — nationality and naturalization
A person born abroad to a Panamanian parent can acquire nationality under Article 9, subject to domicile in Panama and, for a naturalized parent, a timely declaration after majority.
Sources: Constitution of Panama — nationality and naturalization
Article 10(1): a permanent resident may apply after five consecutive years in Panama, with the constitutional declaration, renunciation of other nationality, Spanish language, and elementary civic knowledge.
Sources: Constitution of Panama — nationality and naturalization · Panama Migration — Naturalization requirements
Article 10(3) lets nationals by birth of Spain or any Latin American state request naturalization if they meet the same requirements their origin state imposes on Panamanians. Spanish birth nationals are modeled at two years (Spain Article 22 Ibero floor). Several origin constitutions fix shorter floors for Spanish/Hispano-American or Latin American birth nationals and are modeled as named variants. Other origins still use case-by-case reciprocity. Renunciation, Spanish, and civic knowledge still apply.
Sources: Constitution of Panama — nationality and naturalization · Panama Migration — Naturalization requirements
Two-year temporary residence for nationals of designated countries with a qualifying economic tie, convertible to permanent residence.
Permanent residence for retirees with a guaranteed lifetime pension.
Direct permanent residence for a large qualifying investment, with no prior temporary period.